The Art of War Lionel Giles Vs Ralph D Sawyer

Ancient Chinese military treatise by Sun Tzu

The Fine art of State of war

Writer	(trad.) Dominicus Tzu
Country	China
Language	Classical Chinese
Field of study	Military fine art
Publication date	5th century BC
Text	The Art of War at Wikisource

The Fine art of War
Traditional Chinese	孫子兵法
Simplified Chinese	孙子兵法
Literal meaning	"Master Sun'southward Military Methods"
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Sūnzǐ bīngfǎ Wade–Giles Sun1-tzŭiii ping1-faiii IPA [swə́ntsɹ̩̀ píŋfà] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Syūnjí bīngfaat Jyutping Syunone-zitwo bingane-faat3 IPA [sýːntsǐː péŋfāːt̚] Southern Min Tâi-lô Lord's day-tzú ping-huat Old Chinese Baxter–Sagart (2014) *sˤun tsəʔ praŋ p.kap

The Art of War (Chinese: 孫子兵法) is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating from the Late Spring and Autumn Period (roughly 5th century BC). The work, which is attributed to the aboriginal Chinese war machine strategist Sun Tzu ("Master Sun"), is composed of thirteen capacity. Each one is devoted to a different set of skills (or "art") related to warfare and how it applies to military strategy and tactics. For nearly 1,500 years it was the lead text in an album that was formalized as the Seven Armed services Classics by Emperor Shenzong of Song in 1080. The Art of War remains the most influential strategy text in East Asian warfare^[ane] and has influenced both Far Eastern and Western military machine thinking, concern tactics, legal strategy, lifestyles and beyond.

The book contains a detailed explanation and analysis of the 5th-century BC Chinese military, from weapons and strategy to rank and subject area. Sun also stressed the importance of intelligence operatives and espionage to the war effort. Considered one of history's finest armed forces tacticians and analysts, his teachings and strategies formed the basis of avant-garde military training for millennia to come.

The book was translated into French and published in 1772 (re-published in 1782) past the French Jesuit Jean Joseph Marie Amiot. A partial translation into English was attempted by British officer Everard Ferguson Calthrop in 1905 under the title The Book of War. The kickoff annotated English translation was completed and published by Lionel Giles in 1910.^[2] War machine and political leaders such equally the Chinese communist revolutionary Mao Zedong, Japanese daimyō Takeda Shingen, Vietnamese general Võ Nguyên Giáp, and American armed forces general Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. are all cited as having drawn inspiration from the book.^{[ citation needed ]}

History [edit]

Text and commentaries [edit]

The Art of War is traditionally attributed to an ancient Chinese military general known every bit Sun Tzu (now Romanized "Sunzi") meaning "Primary Dominicus". Sunday Tzu was traditionally said to have lived in the 6th century BC, simply The Art of War 'south primeval parts probably date to at to the lowest degree 100 years after.^[3]

Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, the beginning of Communist china'south 24 dynastic histories, records an early Chinese tradition that a text on military matters was written by one "Sun Wu" ( 孫武 ) from the State of Qi, and that this text had been read and studied by King Helü of Wu ( r. 514 BC – 495 BC).^[4] This text was traditionally identified with the received Master Lord's day's Fine art of War. The conventional view was that Sun Wu was a war machine theorist from the end of the Leap and Fall flow (776–471 BC) who fled his abode state of Qi to the southeastern kingdom of Wu, where he is said to have impressed the king with his ability to railroad train even "dainty palace ladies" in warfare and to take fabricated Wu'southward armies powerful enough to challenge their western rivals in the state of Chu. This view is nevertheless widely held in China.^[5]

The strategist, poet, and warlord Cao Cao in the early 3rd century AD authored the earliest known commentary to the Fine art of War.^[4] Cao's preface makes articulate that he edited the text and removed certain passages, but the extent of his changes were unclear historically.^[iv] The Fine art of War appears throughout the bibliographical catalogs of the Chinese dynastic histories, only listings of its divisions and size varied widely.^[4]

[edit]

Beginning around the twelfth century, some Chinese scholars began to doubt the historical existence of Sun Tzu, primarily on the grounds that he is not mentioned in the historical classic The Commentary of Zuo (Zuo Zhuan), which mentions near of the notable figures from the Bound and Autumn period.^[4] The name "Sun Wu" ( 孫武 ) does not announced in any text prior to the Records of the Grand Historian,^[6] and has been suspected to be a made-upward descriptive cognomen meaning "the fugitive warrior": the surname "Sun" is glossed as the related term "fugitive" ( xùn , 遜 ), while "Wu" is the ancient Chinese virtue of "martial, valiant" ( wǔ , 武 ), which corresponds to Sunzi's role equally the hero's doppelgänger in the story of Wu Zixu.^[7] In the early 20th century, the Chinese writer and reformer Liang Qichao theorized that the text was actually written in the quaternary century BC by Sun Tzu'due south purported descendant Lord's day Bin, equally a number of historical sources mention a military treatise he wrote.^[4] Dissimilar Sun Wu, Sun Bin appears to take been an actual person who was a genuine authority on military matters, and may take been the inspiration for the creation of the historical figure "Sun Tzu" through a form of euhemerism.^[seven]

In 1972, the Yinqueshan Han slips were discovered in 2 Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) tombs almost the metropolis of Linyi in Shandong Province.^[eight] Among the many bamboo slip writings independent in the tombs, which had been sealed between 134 and 118  BC, respectively were two divide texts, one attributed to "Sun Tzu", corresponding to the received text, and another attributed to Sun Bin, which explains and expands upon the earlier The Art of War past Sunzi.^[ix] The Sun Bin text's material overlaps with much of the "Sun Tzu" text, and the two may be "a single, continuously developing intellectual tradition united under the Sunday name".^[10] This discovery showed that much of the historical defoliation was due to the fact that there were ii texts that could have been referred to as "Master Sun's Art of War", not 1.^[9] The content of the earlier text is most 1-3rd of the chapters of the modern The Art of State of war, and their text matches very closely.^[8] It is at present generally accepted that the earlier The Art of State of war was completed sometime betwixt 500 and 430 BC.^[9]

The 13 chapters [edit]

The Art of War is divided into 13 capacity (or piān ); the drove is referred to equally beingness 1 zhuàn ("whole" or alternatively "relate").

The Art of War chapter names and contents

Chapter	Lionel Giles (1910)[eleven]	R. 50. Fly (1988)	Ralph D. Sawyer (1996)	Chow-Hou Wee (2003)	Michael Nylan (2020)	Contents
I	Laying Plans	The Calculations	Initial Estimations	Detail Assessment and Planning (Chinese: 始計)	First Calculations	Explores the five central factors (the Way, seasons, terrain, leadership, and management) and vii elements that determine the outcomes of military engagements. By thinking, assessing and comparing these points, a commander tin can calculate his chances of victory. Habitual departure from these calculations will ensure failure via improper action. The text stresses that war is a very grave matter for the state and must not be commenced without due consideration.
2	Waging War	The Claiming	Waging War	Waging War (Chinese: 作戰)	Initiating Battle	Explains how to sympathise the economy of warfare and how success requires winning decisive engagements chop-chop. This section advises that successful armed services campaigns require limiting the cost of competition and conflict.
III	Assault by Stratagem	The Plan of Assault	Planning Offensives	Strategic Set on (Chinese: 謀攻)	Planning an Attack	Defines the source of strength as unity, not size, and discusses the five factors that are needed to succeed in whatsoever war. In society of importance, these disquisitional factors are: Attack, Strategy, Alliances, Army and Cities.
Iv	Tactical Dispositions	Positioning	War machine Disposition	Disposition of the Army (Chinese: 軍形)	Forms to Perceive	Explains the importance of defending existing positions until a commander is capable of advancing from those positions in prophylactic. Information technology teaches commanders the importance of recognizing strategic opportunities, and teaches not to create opportunities for the enemy.
Five	Use of Free energy	Directing	Strategic Military Ability	Forces (Chinese: 兵勢)	The Disposition of Ability	Explains the employ of creativity and timing in building an army's momentum.
VI	Weak Points and Stiff	Illusion and Reality	Vacuity and Substance	Weaknesses and Strengths (Chinese: 虛實)	Weak and Potent	Explains how an ground forces's opportunities come from the openings in the environment caused past the relative weakness of the enemy and how to reply to changes in the fluid battleground over a given surface area.
VII	Maneuvering an Army	Engaging The Force	Military Combat	Military Maneuvers (Chinese: 軍爭)	Contending Armies	Explains the dangers of direct conflict and how to win those confrontations when they are forced upon the commander.
8	Variation of Tactics	The Nine Variations	Ix Changes	Variations and Adaptability (Chinese: 九變)	Nine Contingencies	Focuses on the demand for flexibility in an army'south responses. It explains how to reply to shifting circumstances successfully.
9	The Army on the March	Moving The Strength	Maneuvering the Regular army	Motility and Development of Troops (Chinese: 行軍)	Fielding the Army	Describes the different situations in which an army finds itself as it moves through new enemy territories, and how to answer to these situations. Much of this section focuses on evaluating the intentions of others.
Ten	Classification of Terrain	Situational Positioning	Configurations of Terrain	Terrain (Chinese: 地形)	Conformations of the Lands	Looks at the three general areas of resistance (altitude, dangers and barriers) and the half dozen types of ground positions that arise from them. Each of these half dozen field positions offers certain advantages and disadvantages.
XI	The Nine Situations	The Ix Situations	Nine Terrains	The Ix Battlegrounds (Chinese: 九地)	Ix Kinds of Footing	Describes the ix common situations (or stages) in a campaign, from handful to deadly, and the specific focus that a commander will need in order to successfully navigate them.
XII	Attack by Fire	The Fiery Attack	Incendiary Attacks	Attacking with Fire (Chinese: 火攻)	Attacks with Fire	Explains the general utilise of weapons and the specific utilize of the environs as a weapon. This department examines the five targets for set on, the five types of environmental assault and the appropriate responses to such attacks.
XIII	Use of Spies	The Employ of Intelligence	Employing Spies	Intelligence and Espionage (Chinese: 用間)	Using Spies	Focuses on the importance of developing good information sources, and specifies the five types of intelligence sources and how to best manage each of them.

Cultural influence [edit]

Armed forces and intelligence applications [edit]

Beyond Eastern asia, The Fine art of State of war was part of the syllabus for potential candidates of military service examinations.

During the Sengoku menses (c.  1467–1568), the Japanese daimyō Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) is said to take become almost invincible in all battles without relying on guns, because he studied The Art of War.^[12] The volume even gave him the inspiration for his famous battle standard "Fūrinkazan" (Wind, Forest, Burn and Mount), meaning fast every bit the air current, silent as a wood, ferocious every bit fire and immovable every bit a mount.

The translator Samuel B. Griffith offers a chapter on "Sun Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung" where The Fine art of War is cited as influencing Mao's On Guerrilla Warfare, On the Protracted War and Strategic Bug of Prc's Revolutionary War, and includes Mao'southward quote: "We must non belittle the saying in the volume of Dominicus Wu Tzu, the swell military expert of aboriginal China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and yous can fight a thousand battles without disaster.'"^[12]

During the Vietnam War, some Vietcong officers extensively studied The Fine art of War and reportedly could recite entire passages from retentiveness. General Võ Nguyên Giáp successfully implemented tactics described in The Art of War during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu ending major French involvement in Indochina and leading to the accords which partitioned Vietnam into Northward and South. General Võ, later the main PVA war machine commander in the Vietnam War, was an avid student and practitioner of Sun Tzu'southward ideas.^[xiii] America's defeat there, more than whatsoever other event, brought Sun Tzu to the attention of leaders of U.S. armed services theory.^{[13] [xiv] [15]}

The Section of the Army in the Usa, through its Command and Full general Staff College, lists The Fine art of War as ane example of a book that may be kept at a military unit'southward library.^[16]

The Art of State of war is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program (formerly known equally the Commandant'southward Reading List). It is recommended reading for all United States Military Intelligence personnel.^[17]

The Art of War is used equally instructional material at the U.s.a. Military Academy at West Bespeak, in the class War machine Strategy (470),^[18] and it is also recommended reading for Officer cadets at the Majestic Military University, Sandhurst. Some notable military leaders take stated the following about Lord's day Tzu and The Art of War:

"I always kept a re-create of The Art of State of war on my desk."^[19] – General Douglas MacArthur, 5 Star General & Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers.

"I have read The Art of State of war by Sunday Tzu. He continues to influence both soldiers & politicians."^[20] – General Colin Powell, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Counselor, and Secretary of Land.

According to some authors, the strategy of deception from The Fine art of War was studied and widely used by the KGB: "I will force the enemy to take our forcefulness for weakness, and our weakness for strength, and thus will plow his strength into weakness".^[21] The book is widely cited by KGB officers in charge of disinformation operations in Vladimir Volkoff's novel Le Montage.

Finnish Field Marshal Mannerheim and general Aksel Airo were avid readers of Art of War; Airo kept the book on his bedside tabular array in his quarters.^{[ citation needed ]}

Application outside the military [edit]

The Art of War has been practical to many fields outside of the military. Much of the text is near how to outsmart one's opponent without actually having to appoint in concrete battle. As such, information technology has plant application as a grooming guide for many competitive endeavors that exercise not involve actual combat.

The Art of War is mentioned every bit an influence in the primeval known Chinese collection of stories almost fraud (mostly in the realm of commerce), Zhang Yingyu'due south The Book of Swindles ( Du pian xin shu , 杜騙新書 , c.  1617), which dates to the late Ming dynasty.^[22]

Many business books have applied the lessons taken from the volume to function politics and corporate business strategy.^{[23] [24] [25]} Many Japanese companies make the volume required reading for their key executives.^[26] The book is also popular amidst Western business circles citing its utilitarian values regarding direction practices. Many entrepreneurs and corporate executives have turned to it for inspiration and advice on how to succeed in competitive business situations. The volume has also been applied to the field of education.^[27]

The Art of State of war has been the subject of legal books^[28] and legal manufactures on the trial procedure, including negotiation tactics and trial strategy.^{[29] [30] [31] [32]}

The book The 48 Laws of Power by Robert Greene employs philosophies covered in The Art of War.^[33]

The Art of War has also been applied in sports. National Football League double-decker Bill Belichick, tape holder of the most Super Bowl wins in history, has stated on multiple occasions his admiration for The Fine art of State of war.^{[34] [35]} Brazilian association football coach Luiz Felipe Scolari actively used The Art of War for Brazil's successful 2002 World Loving cup campaign. During the tournament Scolari put passages of The Art of War underneath his players' doors in the night.^{[36] [37]}

The Art of War is often quoted while developing tactics and/or strategy in esports. "Play To Win" by David Sirlin analyses applications of the ideas from The Art of War in modern esports. The Fine art of State of war was released in 2014 every bit an eastward-book companion aslope the Art of State of war DLC for Europa Universalis 4, a PC strategy game by Paradox Development Studios, with a foreword past Thomas Johansson.

Film and television [edit]

The Art of War and Dominicus Tzu have been referenced and quoted in many movies and telly shows, including In the 1987 movie Wall Street, Gordon Gekko (Michael Douglas) frequently references it ^[38] The 20th James Bond moving-picture show, Die Some other Day (2002) also references The Art of War as the spiritual guide shared by Colonel Moon and his father.^[39] and in The Sopranos. In season 3, episode 8 ("He Is Risen"), Dr. Melfi suggests to Tony Soprano that he read the volume.^[40] and the Star Trek: The Side by side Generation kickoff-season episode "The Last Outpost", William Riker quotes The Art of War to Captain Picard, who expressed pleasure that Sunday Tzu was nonetheless taught at Starfleet University. Later in the episode, a survivor from a long-dead nonhuman empire noted common aspects between his own people's wisdom and The Art of War with regard to knowing when and when not to fight.^{[ commendation needed ]}

The Art of War is a 2000 action spy picture show directed by Christian Duguay and starring Wesley Snipes, Michael Biehn, Anne Archer and Donald Sutherland.^[41]

Notable translations [edit]

• Sunday Tzu on the Art of War. Translated by Lionel Giles. London: Luzac and Visitor. 1910.
• The Art of War. Translated past Samuel B. Griffith. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1963. ISBN978-0-19-501476-1. Part of the UNESCO Drove of Representative Works.
• Sun Tzu, The Art of War. Translated by Thomas Cleary. Boston: Shambhala Dragon Editions. 1988. ISBN978-0877734529.
• The Fine art of Warfare. Translated past Roger Ames. Random House. 1993. ISBN978-0-345-36239-1. .
• The Art of War. Translated by John Minford. New York: Viking. 2002. ISBN978-0-670-03156-half-dozen.
• The Fine art of State of war: Sunzi'southward Armed forces Methods. Translated by Victor H. Mair. New York: Columbia Academy Press. 2007. ISBN978-0-231-13382-1.
• The Art of War. Translated by Peter Harris. Everyman's Library. 2018. ISBN978-1101908006.
• The Science of State of war: Sun Tzu's Fine art of War re-translated and re-considered. Translated by Christopher MacDonald. Hong Kong: Earnshaw Books. 2018. ISBN978-988-8422-69-2.
• The Art of State of war. Translated past Michael Nylan. W.West. Norton & Company, Inc. 2020. ISBN9781324004899.

Come across also [edit]

Concepts [edit]

• War machine treatise
• Philosophy of war

Books [edit]

• Achtung – Panzer! by Heinz Guderian
• Arthashastra
• Bansenshukai
• Commentarii de Bello Gallico (Commentaries on the Gallic War) by Julius Caesar
• Dream Puddle Essays by Shen Kuo
• Epitoma rei militaris past Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus
• Guerrilla Warfare by Che Guevara
• Hagakure by Yamamoto Tsunetomo
• History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides
• Huolongjing by Liu Bowen
• Infanterie Greift An past Erwin Rommel
• On Protracted War past Mao Zedong
• On War by Carl von Clausewitz
• Records of the 1000 Historian
• Seven Military Classics
• Seven Pillars of Wisdom by T. E. Lawrence
• The 33 Strategies of War
• The Art of War by Niccolò Machiavelli
• The Book of Five Rings (Miyamoto Musashi)
• The Influence of Sea Power upon History past Alfred Thayer Mahan
• The Jewish War by Josephus
• The Science of Military machine Strategy
• The Utility of Force by Rupert Smith
• Thirty-Six Stratagems

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ Smith (1999), p. 216.
2. ^ Giles, Lionel The Fine art of War by Sun Tzu – Special Edition. Special Edition Books. 2007. p. 62.
3. ^ Lewis (1999), p. 604.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 447.
5. ^ Mair (2007), pp. 12–thirteen.
6. ^ Mair (2007), p. 9.
7. ^ ^{a b} Mair (2007), p. 10.
8. ^ ^{a b} Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 448.
9. ^ ^{a b c} Gawlikowski & Loewe (1993), p. 449.
10. ^ Mark Edward Lewis (2005), quoted in Mair (2007), p. eighteen.
11. ^ Sunzi (2009). Shawn Conners (ed.). Sun-tzu ping fa [The art of war]. Translated by Lionel Giles (Classic ed.). El Paso, TX: El Paso Norte Printing. ISBN978-1-934255-15-5. OCLC 433665014.
12. ^ ^{a b} Griffith, Samuel B. The Illustrated Art of War. 2005. Oxford University Press. pp. 17, 141–43.
13. ^ ^{a b} McCready, Douglas. Learning from Lord's day Tzu, War machine Review, May–June 2003."Learning from Sun Tzu". Archived from the original on 2011-10-11. Retrieved 2009-12-19 .
14. ^ Interview with Dr. William Duiker, Conversation with Sonshi
15. ^ Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2012). The Illustrated Art of War: Sunday Tzu. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN B00B91XX8U
16. ^ Army, U. S. (1985). Armed services History and Professional Development. U. S. Ground forces Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute. 85-CSI-21 85.
17. ^ "Letters".
18. ^ "Department of Armed forces Didactics Job Opportunities | United States Military University West Point". westpoint.edu . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
19. ^ Us Military Posture for FY1989 (Washington, DC: U.Southward. Government Printing Function, 1989), 5–half-dozen, 93–94.
20. ^ "Chinese Armed forces Strategist Sun Tzu Reveals Secrets to Success | Leaderonomics".
21. ^ Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The Country Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russian federation – Past, Nowadays, and Time to come. 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-5, chapter Who was behind perestroika?
22. ^ "Search Results | book of swindles | Columbia Academy Press". Columbia University Printing.
23. ^ Michaelson, Gerald. "Sunday Tzu: The Fine art of War for Managers; l Strategic Rules." Avon, MA: Adams Media, 2001
24. ^ McNeilly, Mark. "Lord's day Tzu and the Fine art of Business : Six Strategic Principles for Managers. New York:Oxford University Press, 1996.
25. ^ Krause, Donald G. "The Art of War for Executives: Ancient Noesis for Today'southward Business Professional." New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 1995.
26. ^ Kammerer, Peter. "The Fine art of Negotiation." Southward China Morning Post (April 21, 2006) p. xv
27. ^ Jeffrey, D (2010). "A Teacher Diary Study to Apply Ancient Fine art of State of war Strategies to Professional person Development". The International Periodical of Learning. 7 (3): 21–36.
28. ^ Barnhizer, David. The Warrior Lawyer: Powerful Strategies for Winning Legal Battles Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: Span Street Books, 1997.
29. ^ Balch, Christopher D., "The Fine art of State of war and the Art of Trial Advancement: Is There Common Ground?" (1991), 42 Mercer L. Rev. 861–73
30. ^ Beirne, Martin D. and Scott D. Marrs, The Fine art of War and Public Relations: Strategies for Successful Litigation
31. ^ Pribetic, Antonin I., "The Trial Warrior: Applying Sunday Tzu's The Art of War to Trial Advancement" April 21, 2007
32. ^ Solomon, Samuel H., "The Fine art of War: Pursuing Electronic Show as Your Corporate Opportunity"
33. ^ "The 48 Laws of Power by Robert Greene". Penguin Random House Canada . Retrieved 2020-10-27 .
34. ^ Lauletta, Tyler. "Bill Belichick explains how communication from Sun Tzu's 'The Art of War' helped build the Patriots dynasty". Business Insider . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
35. ^ "Put crafty Belichick's patriot games downwards to the art of war". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2005-02-04. Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
36. ^ July 2011, Celso de Campos Jr 01 (July 2011). "Luiz Felipe Scolari: One-on-1". fourfourtwo.com . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
37. ^ Winter, Henry (June 29, 2006). "Heed games reach new high as Scolari studies art of war". Irish Independent.
38. ^ "Bud Fox: Sun-tzu: If your enemy is superior, evade him. If angry, irritate him. If equally matched, fight, and if not split and reevaluate". www.quotes.internet . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
39. ^ Die Another Twenty-four hours (2002) - IMDb , retrieved 2020-06-05
40. ^ Earth, Boston. "Hey, if Tony's reading information technology, it's got to be good". baltimoresun.com . Retrieved 2020-06-05 .
41. ^ "The Art of State of war (2000) - IMDb". IMDb.

Sources [edit]

• Gawlikowski, Krzysztof; Loewe, Michael (1993). "Dominicus tzu ping fa 孫子兵法". In Loewe, Michael (ed.). Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide. Berkeley, CA: Society for the Written report of Early China; Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. pp. 446–55. ISBN978-1-55729-043-4.
• Graff, David A. (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900. Warfare and History. London: Routledge. ISBN978-0415239554.
• Griffith, Samuel (2005). Lord's day Tzu: The Illustrated Fine art of State of war. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0195189995.
• Lewis, Mark Edward (1999). "Warring States Political History". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward (eds.). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 587–650. ISBN978-0-521-47030-viii.
• Mair, Victor H. (2007). The Art of War: Lord's day Zi's Armed forces Methods. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN978-0-231-13382-ane.
• Smith, Kidder (1999). "The War machine Texts: The Sunzi". In de Bary, Wm. Theodore (ed.). Sources of Chinese Tradition: From Earliest Times to 1600, Book 1 (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia Academy Printing. pp. 213–24. ISBN978-0-231-10938-three.
• Yuen, Derek Thou. C. (2014). Deciphering Lord's day Tzu: How to Read 'The Art of War' . Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0199373512.
• Вєдєнєєв, Д. В.; Гавриленко, О. А.; Кубіцький, С. О. (2017). Остроухова, В. В. (ed.). Еволюція воєнного мистецтва: у two ч.

External links [edit]

• The Art of State of war at Standard Ebooks
• The Art of State of war Chinese-English bilingual edition, Chinese Text Project
• The Art of State of war at Project Gutenberg translated by Lionel Giles (1910)
• The Fine art of War at Projection Gutenberg translated (with Chinese text) by Lionel Giles (1910)
• The Book of State of war at Projection Gutenberg translated by East.F. Calthrop (1908)
• The Art of War public domain audiobook at LibriVox (English and Chinese original bachelor)
• Sun Tzu's Art of War at Sonshi (archive.today) Alternative link
• Dominicus Tzu and Data Warfare at the Institute for National Strategic Studies of National Defence University
• eleven The 9 Situations | The Art of War by Dominicus Tzu (Animated)
• The Fine art of War illustrated version, on Theoriq.com

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War

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